vertical heat flux(The melting rate of a mould powder is affected by a series of factors: (i) the carbon content, (ii) the particle size and the nature of the carbon used, (iii) the vertical heat flux (which depends upon casting speed, turbulence, steel temperature, etc.), and (iv) the presence of exothermic agents in the powder. 结晶器保护渣熔化速度受一系列因素的影响：①含碳量；②粒度和所使用的碳的特性；③垂直热通量(它取决于拉坯速度、紊流状况、钢水温度等)；以及④保护渣中存在的发热剂。)
average heat flux(The agreement between the average heat fluxes in the mold calculated by the mathematical model and by the cooling water temperature rise is particular good for the trials with the stainless steel. 对使用不锈钢所进行的试验而言，根据数学模型计算出的结晶器内平均热通量与根据冷却水温度升高计算出的结晶器内平均热通量十分吻合。)
mathematical model of heat flux(To validate the predictions of the mathematical model of heat flux, an average heat flux in the mold was calculated and compared to the values deduced from the cooling water temperature rise. 为了验证热通量数学模型的预测，对结晶器内平均热通量进行了计算并与根据冷却水温度升高推导出的数值进行了比较。)
heat for melting scrap steel(A considerable amount of the heat for melting scrap steel is generated by the cracking of the volatile matter of coal into CO and H₂ and by their subsequent oxidation to CO₂ and H₂O. 大部分熔化废钢的热量是由煤的挥发分裂解成 CO 和 H₂， 随后又氧化成 CO₂ 和 H₂O 时放出的热量。)
