| Chinese | English |
| 公共采购 | public procurement The governmental process of purchasing supplies, equipment and services, or purchasing contracts to secure the provision of supplies, equipment and services, which are often sold by the private sector (政府购买供应品、设备和服务的过程，或购买合同以保证私人部门提供供应品、设备和服务的过程。) |
| 地下采石场 | underground quarry Quarry located below the surface of the earth (位于地表面下的采石场。) |
| 天然气开采 | natural gas extraction The tapping of natural gas from wells located under the sea and in general from underground sources often in association with petroleum deposits; it is used as a fuel, having largely replaced coal-gas for this purpose, and as a source of intermediates for organic synthesis (海下气井和地下天然气的开采一般都与石油矿床有关，它作为燃料被使用，为此在很大程度上取代煤气，以及作为有机合成中间体源。) |
| 太阳能采暖 | solar heating A domestic or industrial heating system that makes direct use of solar energy. The simplest form consists of a collector through which a fluid is pumped. The circuit also contains some form of heat storage tank and an alternative energy source to provide energy when the sun is not shining. The collector usually consists of a black surface through which water is piped, the black surface being enclosed behind glass sheets to make use of the greenhouse effect (直接使用太阳能的家庭或工业加热系统。最简单的形式包括通过流体泵收集。该电路还包含了一些热储藏罐的形式和当太阳不发光时用于提供能量的备用能源。收集器通常由黑色表面的水通过管道组成，黑色表面附在玻璃板上产生温室效应。) |
| 安全开采和环保监督员 | mining safety and environment inspector |
| 森林采伐 | forest exploitation Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for obtaining land for agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and forest resources has led to a situation where the forest is now in rapid retreat. The main aspects of the situation are: serious shortages in the supply of industrial wood; the catastrophic erosion and floods accompanying the stripping of forests from mountainous land; the acute shortages of fuel wood in much of the developing world; the spread of desert conditions at an alarming rate in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world; and the many environmental effects of the destruction of tropical rainforests (许多世纪以来，森林被用作木材来源和获得农业用地的来源。对林地和森林资源管理不善，导致森林的状况正在迅速恶化。主要方面的状况有：工业木材的供应的严重短缺;随着山区森林的剥除，带来的灾难性的土壤侵蚀和洪水；许多发展中世界燃料木材严重短缺；沙漠在干旱和半干旱地区世界以惊人的速度在扩展；以及热带雨林的破坏造成的许多环境影响。) |
| 沙石开采 | sand extraction The extraction of sand by mining for building purposes and for the extraction of heavy minerals such as rutile and zircon (为了建筑使用的矿物和获得重金属例如金红石和锆石而开采沙子。) |
| 海底采矿 | sea bed mining The activity or processes involving the extraction of mineral deposits from the surface, or below the surface, of the ocean floor (在大洋地面的活动或操作，包括从表面或表面下开采金属沉积物。) |
| 海底开采 | sea bed exploitation Marine mineral resources extend far beyond those presently exploited; minerals are derived from two separate types of marine sources: from sedimentary deposits underlying the continental shelves and from inshore deposits on the surface of the continental shelves. By far the most valuable of the mineral resources exploited from marine environments is petroleum. Offshore placer deposits on the surface of the continental shelves yield gold, platinum, and tin. On the floors of the world's oceans manganese nodules are found as a result of pelagic sedimentation or precipitation; they are small, irregular, black to brown, friable, laminated concretionary masses consisting primarily of manganese salts and manganese-oxide minerals (海洋的矿物资源比现在开采出的多得多；矿物从俩种不同的海洋资源中获得：从构成大陆架的沉积物和从在大陆架表面的近海岸的沉积物。到目前为止，从海里开采出的最有价值的矿物资源是石油。大陆架的表面近海的冲积矿淤积产生金子、白金和锡。从大洋地面的远洋沉淀中找到锰结核；它们是小的、不规则的、黑色或棕色的、易碎的、大量薄片块状的，主要由锰盐和锰氧化物金属组成。) |
| 海底开采 | offshore mining Oil extraction from platforms situated a short distance from the coast (从距海岸不远的平台进行石油开采。) |
| 深海采矿 | deep sea mining The most valuable of the marine mineral resources is petroleum. About 15% of the world's oil is produced offshore, and extraction capabilities are advancing. One of the largest environmental impacts of deep sea mining are discharged sediment plumes which disperse with ocean currents and thus may negatively influence the marine ecosystem. Coal deposits known as extensions of land deposits , are mined under the sea floor in Japan and England (最有价值的海洋矿物资源是石油。 世界上约有15%的石油产自外海，且提取能力不断进步。深海采矿对环境最大的影响之一是弃置沉积物所产生的烟尘随着洋流而扩散，因此可能对海洋生态产生负面影响。众所周知煤矿是陆上矿藏的延伸，已开采的有日本和英国海底的煤矿。) |
| 煤矿开采 | coal mining The technical and mechanical job of removing coal from the earth and preparing it for market (挖掘煤炭以及将其准备投入市场的技术、机械工作。) |
| 环境友好型采购 | environmental friendly procurement The process of obtaining products and services which are favorably disposed toward the environment (易于被环境接受的生产和服务过程。) |
| 石头盐矿开采 | rock salt mining Rock salt mining is an underground mining process in which the salt is physically dug out of the ground in an operation involving drilling, blasting and crushing the rock. The major percentage of this output is used for winter road maintenance (石头盐矿开采是地下采矿过程。在这个过程中通过钻孔、爆破和破碎的岩石把盐挖出地面。出产的主要部分用作冬天的路面维护。) |
| 砂石开采，砂石挖掘 | gravel extraction Obtaining a mixture of coarse sand and small water- worn or pounded stones, (used for paths and roads and as an aggregate) from the earth (从地层中获取粗砂和细小的受水磨蚀或磨碎之石头混合物，通常用作舖设道路的材料。) |
| 褐煤开采 | lignite mining Extraction of brown coal from natural deposits; lignite is a brownish-black solid fuel in the second stage in the development of coal. It has a little over half the heating value of bituminous or anthracite coal (对天然褐煤矿的开采。褐煤是一种棕黑色的固体燃料，是在煤形成的第二个阶段中产生的。比有烟煤或无烟煤的小一半以上的热值。) |
| 认证的野生采集区 | certified organic wild area |
| 美国资源保护与开采法案 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
| 资源保护和流体开采 | resource conservation and recovery fluids |
| 过度开采 | overexploitation The use of raw materials excessively without considering the long-term ecological impacts of such use (开采原材料过度。) |
| 采掘业 | extractive industry Primary activities involved in the extraction of non-renewable resources (主要从事挖掘不可再生资源的活动。) |
| 采样 | sampling The obtaining of small representative quantities of material for the purpose of analysis (为了分析获得少量材料的代表。) |
| 采油 | oil extraction Recovery of oil by surface mining, as in tar sands or oil shales, or from tunnels in a shallow reservoir (表面开采以回收石油，如在沥青沙、油页岩中或来自浅油藏的隧洞。) |
| 采石 | quarrying The surface exploitation and removal of stone or mineral deposits from the earth's crust (从地表开采石头或矿产。) |
| 采石场 | quarry An open or surface working or excavation for the extraction of building stone, ore, coal, gravel, or minerals (开采建筑用的石头、矿石、煤炭、碎石或矿产。) |
| 采矿 | mineral extraction The process of extracting metallic or nonmetallic mineral deposits from the Earth (从地球提取金属或者非金属矿产的过程。) |
| 采矿 | mining The act, process or industry of extracting coal, ores, etc. from the earth (从地球中开采煤、矿石等的行为、过程或产业。) |
| 采矿业 | mining industry A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in the extraction of minerals occurring naturally, often involving quarrying, well operations, milling, exploration and development (一个经济分支，在其中的商业企业主要从事天然矿产的开采，往往涉及采石、井下运作、研磨、勘探和开发。) |
| 采矿区 | mining district A district where mineral exploitation is performed (在其中进行矿产开采的区域。) |
| 采矿地质学 | mining geology The study of geologic aspects of mineral deposits, with particular regard to problems associated with mining (矿床地质方面的研究，特别考虑到与采矿有关的问题。) |
| 采矿工程美 | Mining Engineering |
| 采矿工程 | mining engineering Engineering concerned with the discovery, development and exploitation of coal, ores, and minerals, as well as the cleaning, sizing and dressing of the product (涉及煤炭、矿石和矿物质的发现、开发和开采，及产品清洗、规格化和包装的工程。) |
| 采矿废弃物 | mining waste Any residue which results from the extraction of raw materials from the earth (任何来自从地上提取原料的残留物。) |
| 露天剥采 | strip mining Superficial mining, in which the valuable rock is exposed by removal of overburden. Coal, numerous nonmetals and metalliferous ores (iron and copper) are worked in this way. Sinonym: strip mining, opencast mining, openpit mining (浅表性开采，通过去除岩石覆盖以得到其中有价值的层：煤炭，非金属以这种方式工作的含金属(铁，铜)的矿物。同义：条带开采、露天开采、露天矿开采。) |
| 露天开采 | opencast mining Extracting metal ores and minerals that lie near the surface by removing the overlying material and breaking and loading the ore (通过移去上层物料、爆破和装载矿石，以近地表方式提取金属矿石和矿产品。) |
