old grade of steel being cast(In the grade change operation, the tundish containing the old grade of steel being cast is first emptied to a certain depth before pouring the new grade from the ladle. 变钢种操作时，在由钢包浇人下一炉异钢种钢水前，首先将盛有上一炉正在浇注钢种钢水的中间包排空到一定深度。)
bottom casting(Bottom casting refers to a method of casting in which the molten metal enters the mould at the bottom by means of runners. 底注指的是液态金属经过浇道从锭模底部流人锭模的浇注方法。)
pouring region(A funnel mold is a continuous steel casting mold with an enlarged pouring region in the top center area of the cavity, which facilitates insertion of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) for filling the cavity with molten steel (Figure 1). 漏斗形结晶器是一种连续铸钢用结晶器，在它的内腔上部中心区有一个扩大的浇注区，以便浸人式水口 (SEN) 插人，将钢水注人(结晶器)内腔(图 1)。)
pouring nozzle(However, the operating experience with the electric ladle preheater has not indicated any problem with inadequate heating of the ladle bottom as evidenced by solidified steel or difficulty in opening the pouring nozzle. 然而，使用钢包电能预热器的操作经验尚未显示出任何可以证明与钢包底部加热不足有关的问题，如钢水凝固或浇注水口难于打开等。)
steel stream from ladle(The impact pad is designed to disperse the steel stream from the ladle evenly throughout the tundish. 防冲击垫的设计目的是分散钢包钢水注流，使其在中间包内均匀分布。)
