vertical heat flux(The melting rate of a mould powder is affected by a series of factors: (i) the carbon content, (ii) the particle size and the nature of the carbon used, (iii) the vertical heat flux (which depends upon casting speed, turbulence, steel temperature, etc.), and (iv) the presence of exothermic agents in the powder. 结晶器保护渣熔化速度受一系列因素的影响：①含碳量；②粒度和所使用的碳的特性；③垂直热通量(它取决于拉坯速度、紊流状况、钢水温度等)；以及④保护渣中存在的发热剂。)
uptake(① These compounds can also condense in uptakes and downcorners where they form accretions that can eventually restrict the passage of the top gas, or react to form HC1 and attack the gas cleaning system steelwork. 这些化合物还会在高炉上升管和下降管上凝结成结块，最终导致炉顶煤气通道受阻；或反应生成 HC1, 腐蚀煤气净化系统的钢结构。② The large diameter and the vertical height of these uptakes prevent excessive amounts of charge material from blowing over into the gas cleaning system. 这些上升管具有大的直径和高的垂直上升段，能够防止将过量的炉料向上吹人高炉煤气净化系统。)
