| Chinese | English |
| 古气候学 | palaeoclimatology The study of paleoclimates throughout geologic time, and of the causes of their variations, on either a local or a worldwide basis. It involves the interpretation of glacial deposits, fossils and sedimentologic and other types of data (地质气候的研究，根据一个地方或全世界的数据，研究在整个地质时期它们变异的起因。它对冰河形成、化石和其它类型的问题给出解释。) |
| 古生态学 | palaeoecology The application of ecological concepts to fossil and sedimentary evidence to study the interactions of Earth surface, atmosphere, and biosphere in former times (应用生态化石和沉积的证据来研究地球表面之间的相互作用。) |
| 古生物学 | palaeontology The study of life in past geologic time, based on fossil plants and animals and including phylogeny, their relationship to existing plants, animals, and environments, and the chronology of the Earth's history (地质时期动植物的化石，它们之间的关系对现有的植物、动物和环境、地球历史有参考价值。) |
| 考古学 | archaeology The scientific study of the material remains of the cultures of historical or prehistorical peoples (对于历史文明，甚至是史前文明，物质残留物的科学研究。) |
| 考古遗址 | archaeological site Any location containing significant relics and artifacts of past culture (有重要遗迹和古代人工制品的任意地址。) |
