| English | Chinese |
| alkali soil Soil that contains sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with water penetration and crop growth, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts | 碱性土壤 (含有足量可交换的钠离子以影响水分渗透和农作物生长的土壤，可能含有一定浓度的可溶性盐类。) |
| contaminated soil Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment | 污染的土壤 (由于先前或当前的使用，导致土壤的下层、表层或内部含有某些物质，这些物质的浓度和/或含量达到一定程度会对人类或整个环境带来直接潜在的或间接的危害。) |
| purification through the soil The act or process in which a section of the ground is freed from pollution or any type of contamination, often through natural processes | 土壤净化 (通常是通过自然过程，使一部分土壤免于污染的过程。) |
| soil acidification A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients | 土壤酸化 (这长期以来一直是研究的课题，研究结果表明酸雨影响潮湿的气候，是个自然发生的过程。土壤的酸化对陆地植物生产力的影响总结如下：由于土壤变得更酸，土壤中基本的阳离子(钙，镁)交换是由氢离子或被溶解的金属离子基本取代。溶解中的基本阳离子，可以通过土壤被过滤，随着时间的推移变得越来越贫瘠的土壤更酸。土壤pH值下降的结果，欠活跃的土壤微生物，从而对植物残体和必要的植物养分循环的重要分解更缓慢。) |
| soil air The air and other gases in spaces in the soil; specifically that which is found within the zone of aeration. Also known as soil atmosphere | 土壤空气 (在土壤中的空气和其他气体;特别是那些在透气层发现的气体。也称为土壤的大气。) |
| soil analysis The use of rapid chemical analyses to determine the fertility status of a soil. It is used to identify those nutrients or substances that are present in either insufficient or excessive quantities for optimum plant growth. Analyses are also used to monitor increases or decreases in soil fertility over time | 土壤分析 (快速化学分析来确定土壤肥力状况。它是用来识别植物最佳生长时那些营养物质目前不足或过量。分析还用于监测随着时间的推移土壤肥力的增减。) |
| soil biology The study of the living organisms, mainly microorganisms and microinvertebrates which live within the soil, and which are largely responsible for the decomposition processes vital to soil fertility | 土壤生物学 (生物体的研究，该生物体主要是指生活在土壤内的微生物和无脊椎动物，主要研究土壤分解，对土壤肥沃程度起至关重要的作用。) |
| soil capability The suitability of soils for various uses, e.g. sustained production of cultivated crops, pasture plants, etc., depending on depth, texture, kinds of minerals, salinity, kinds of salts, acidity, etc. | 土壤利用潜力 (土壤的各种用途如：持续生产栽培作物，草原植物等的适宜性，取决于深度、纹理、矿物质、盐度、种盐和酸度等) |
| soil chemistry The study of the inorganic and organic components of the soil and its life cycles | 土壤化学 (对土壤和其生命周期的无机和有机成分的研究。) |
| soil compaction An increase in bulk density (mass per unit volume) and a decrease in soil porosity resulting from applied loads, vibration, or pressure. More compacted soils (or other materials) can support greater loads (load-bearing capacity). Bulk density can be increased by controlling the moisture content, compaction forces and treatment procedures, as well as by manipulating the type of material being compacted | 土壤压实 (散装密度(单位体积的质量)增加，土壤应用载荷、振动或压力造成的孔隙率下降。更多压实土壤(或其他材料)可以支持更大的负载(承载能力)。散装密度可提高是通过水分含量控制，压力和处理程序，以及通过操纵材料的类型被压缩。) |
| soil condition Description of the character of the surface of the ground at the time of observation, especially in relation to the influence of rain and snow | 土壤条件 (在观测时对地表面特征的描述，尤其是与水和雪的影响有关。) |
| soil conservation | 土壤保持 |
| soil conservation Management of soil to prevent or reduce soil erosion and depletion by wind and water. Preservation of soil against deterioration and loss by using it within its capabilities; application of conservation practices needed for its protection and improvement | 水土保持 (对土壤的管理，以防止或减少风和水对土壤的侵蚀和耗竭。实施一些保护促使以尽力阻止退化和损失以保存土壤，改善和维持土壤。) |
| soil conservation legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to protect and prevent the loss of an area's surface layer of decomposed rock and organic material, valued for its nutrients and ability to support life | 土壤保护立法 (一个具有约束力的规则或由政府指定的保护和防止某一地区的岩石和有机物质分解损失的机构，这些物质对它的营养物质和维持生命的能力有着重要的价值。) |
| Soil Conservation Service | 美国土壤保护局 |
| soil damage Soil impaired as a consequence of human activity. A study financed by UNEP, reporting in 1992, found that about 10,5% of the world's vegetative surface had been seriously damaged by human activity since 1945. The study found that much of the damage had been masked by a general rise in global agricultural productivity resulting from expanded irrigation, better plant varieties, and greater use of production inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides. More than 1/3 of the damaged land was in Asia, almost 1/3 in Africa, and 1/4 in Central America. Some land had been damaged beyond restoration. The greatest sources of soil degradation were overgrazing, unsuitable agricultural practices, and deforestation | 土壤损失 (土壤损害是人类活动的结果。由环境规划署资助的一项研究，在1992年的报告发现，自1945年以来，世界植被约有10.5%是由于人类的活动而受到严重破坏。这项研究发现，大部分的破坏被扩大灌溉，更好的植物品种以及更大的生产投入，如使用化肥和农药等，所形成的全球农业生产率提高所掩饰。亚洲的土地破坏超过1/3，非洲近1/3，中美洲1/4。一些土壤损坏已经无法修复，土壤退化的最大来源是过度放牧，不适当的农业实践和毁林。) |
| soil decontamination Technologies employed in the removal of PCBs, PAH, pesticides and, more generally, of organic compounds by physical, chemical or biological treatments | 土壤净化 (用于去除多氯联苯、多环芳烃和农药的技术，更普遍的是通过物理、化学或生物治疗去除有机化合物。) |
| soil degradation Soil may deteriorate either by physical movement of soil particles from a given site or by depletion of the water-soluble elements in the soil which contribute to the nourishment of crop, plants, grasses, trees, and other economically usable vegetation. The physical movement generally is referred to as erosion. Wind, water, glacial ice, animals and tools in use may be agents of erosion | 土壤退化 (由于土壤颗粒从某一个地点的移动，或土壤中的有助于作物、植物、草、树木、植被和其它经济实用作物的营养水溶性成分的耗竭，土壤可能会遭到破坏。这种物理运动一般被称为侵蚀，风、水、冰川、动物和使用的工具可能是侵蚀剂。) |
| soil erosion Detachment and movement of topsoil or soil material from the upper part of the profile, by the action of wind or running water, especially as a result of changes brought about by human activity, such as unsuitable or mismanaged agriculture | 土壤侵蚀 (由于风或流水的作用，尤其是人类活动，如不合适的或者管理不当的农业所带来的变化，使得层或坡面上的土壤材料分离或移动。) |
| soil erosion by wind | 土壤风蚀 |
| soil fertilisation The application of any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origins to a soil to supply one or more elements essential to the growth of plants | 土壤施肥 (为土壤提供一个或多个元素的天然或合成的有机或无机物质的起源，对植物的生长是必不可少的。) |
| soil fertility The status of a soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants of elements necessary for plant growth | 土壤肥力 (与植物生长必要的元素的数量和可用性有关的土壤状况。) |
| soil formation The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important | 土壤的形成 (土壤自然形成过程的结合。它也被称为成土。最重要的土壤形成因素是母质、地形、气候、坡向、植被和土壤中的微生物以及地表的年龄。有些行为也加入到这些人类活动的影响列表中。所有的因素表现出不同程度的相关性，且有些因素比其它因素更重要，气候通常被认为是最重要的。) |
| soil function The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity | 土壤功能 (土壤主要功能是参与发生在生态系统的功能所依赖的自然环境的物质转化和迁移过程。在发生过程中最积极的参与者是微生物和无脊椎动物，它们的活动方式、品种各异，具有复杂的结构，且大量存在，这些特性准确地反映土壤类型及其特点：是它们的生态稳定的重要指标。土壤生物的多样性决定了它的自我管理和自我清洁能力。) |
| soil improvement Process of protecting the soil from excessive erosion and making soil more fertile and productive | 土壤改良 (保护土壤使其免遭过度侵蚀，使土壤更加肥沃，更加具有生产效率的过程。) |
| soil layer Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil | 土层 (由内部的再分配过程所产生的独特的连续层土壤。传统的土壤层被分为A，B，C三层。A层是最上层，含有腐殖质，被浸出和/或多种矿物质淋溶。B层形成沉淀区，富含粘土矿物和来自A层的铁/铝氧化物。C层是当前土壤的母质，部分可能是风化岩，运输冰川或冲积土材料或者是更早的土壤。) |
| soil leaching The removal of water or any soluble constituents from the soil. Leaching often occurs with soil constituents such as nitrate fertilizers with the result that nitrates end up in potable waters | 土壤浸出 (从土壤中去除水或水溶性成分。经常去除如硝态氮肥等土壤成分，使得硝酸盐在食用水中消失。) |
| soil loading In soil mechanics and civil engineering the term is used to denote the increased weight brought to bear on the ground surface | 土壤负荷 (在土壤力学和土木工程术语中是用来表示所承受的地面上重量的增加。) |
| soil map A two-dimensional representation that shows the areal extent or the distribution of soils in relation to other features of the land surface | 土壤图 (用二维表示的图纸，用以显示区域范围或有关土地面积的其它功能的土壤分布。) |
| soil mechanics The study of the physical properties of soil, especially those properties that affect its ability to bear weight such as water content, density, strength, etc. | 土壤力学 (对土壤物理性质的研究，特别是那些影响其承受能力的属性，如含水量、密度、强度等。) |
| soil mineralogy Study of the formation, occurrence, properties, composition, and classification of the minerals present in the soil | 土壤矿物学 (对目前土壤中矿物质的形成、发生、性质和组成的研究。) |
| soil moisture 1. Water stored in soils. 2. One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms: 1. water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water. 2. Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution. 3. Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water | 土壤水分 (1. 土壤中的储水。 2. 一个在土壤学和植物生长过程中所涉及的最重要因素。有三种基本形式：1.黏附在薄膜上的水被分子吸附到土壤颗粒的表面。b.水形成较厚的薄膜占据更小空间被称为毛细管孔隙水。它是与重力作用相反，永恒地为植物生长起作用，这种类型的土壤水分含有溶解的植物营养素。 c.吸湿和毛细管中多余的水被称为重力水，是一个过度性质的，因为它的流动受到了重力的影响。当过量外流的水耗尽了土壤中保持的水，被称为它的领域能力，当空隙中仍然是自由的水。) |
| soil moisture regime The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated | 土壤水分状况 (土壤的水分状况是由物理特性和土壤颗粒的排列决定的。土壤的毛孔确定其保水特性。当所有的毛孔都装满水，土壤被认为是饱和的。) |
| soil moisture stress | 土壤水分胁迫 |
| soil organism Organisms which live in the soil | 土壤有机质 (生活在土壤中的有机物。) |
| soil pollutant Solid, liquid and gaseous substances that detrimentally alter the natural condition of the soil | 土壤污染物 (改变土壤的自然状况的，有害的固态、液态和气态物质。) |
| soil pollution Modifications of soil features or, more generally, of its chemical and biological balance, caused by the discharge of polluting substances | 土壤污染 (土壤特性，或更普遍地是由污染物质的排放造成的它的化学或生物平衡性的改变。) |
| soil process The major processes in soils are gains, losses, transfers, and transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, silicate clay minerals, sesquioxides, and silica. Gains consist normally of additions of organic matter, and of oxygen and water through oxidation and hydration, but in some sites slow continuous additions of new mineral materials take place at the surface or soluble materials are deposited from groundwater. Losses are chiefly of materials dissolved or suspended in water percolating through the profile or running off the surface | 土壤过程 (土壤中的主要流程是收益，损失，和有机质，可溶性盐，碳酸盐，硅酸盐粘土矿物，倍半氧化物和二氧化硅的转换。收益通常包括有机物质，以及通过氧化和光和作用形成的氧气和水的增加，但在有些场合新的矿物质的不断增加发生在放置于地下水中的可溶性物质的表面。亏损主要是指原料的溶解或通悬浮在侧面或流动的表面。) |
| soil profile A vertical section of a soil, showing horizons and parent material | 土壤剖面 (土壤垂直剖面，显示界限和原材料。) |
| soil quality All current positive or negative properties with regard to soil utilization and soil functions | 土壤质量 (目前所有的对于土地利用和土壤功能的积极或消极的性能。) |
| soil resource No definition needed | 土壤资源 (无需定义。) |
| soil salination The accumulation of soluble mineral salts near the surface of soil, usually caused by the capillary flow of water from saline ground water. Where the rate of surface evaporation is high, irrigation can exacerbate the problem by moistening the soil and causing water to be drawn from deeper levels as water evaporates from the surface. The evaporation of pure water leaves the salts behind, allowing them to accumulate, and they can reach concentrations that are toxic to plants, thus sterilizing the land | 土壤盐碱化 (土壤表面的可溶天然盐的积累，通常是由地下水盐碱水的毛细流引起的。表面蒸发速度快，由于土壤滋润可以得出的水从表面更深层次蒸发，灌溉会加剧这一问题。 纯净水蒸发后留下的盐的积累达到一定浓度就对植物具有毒性，因此破坏土壤。) |
| soil salinity Measurement of the quantity of mineral salts found in a soil. Many semi-arid and arid areas are naturally salty. By definition they are areas of substantial water deficit where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Thus, whereas in humid areas there is sufficient water to percolate through the soil and to leach soluble materials from the soil and the rocks into the rivers and hence into the sea, in deserts this is not the case. Salts therefore tend to accumulate | 土壤含盐量 (土壤中矿物盐量的测量。许多半干旱和干旱地区是天然含盐的。根据定义，这是一些水分蒸发量超过降水量的地区。因此，即使在潮湿地区有足够的水渗入土壤，滤出土壤中的可溶解物质和石块进入河流入海，而在沙漠情况并非如此，因此盐会积累。) |
| soil science The study of the properties, occurrence, and management of soil as a natural resource. Generally it includes the chemistry, microbiology, physics, morphology, and mineralogy of soils, as well as their genesis and classification | 土壤学 (对土壤作为自然资源的特性，发生率，管理的研究。一般来说，包括化学、微生物学、物理学、形态学和土壤矿物质学，以及其成因和分类。) |
| soil settling Compaction involves the close-packing of the individual grains mainly by the elimination of pore-space and expulsion of entrapped water; this is normally brought about by the weight of the overlying sediments | 土壤沉积 (涉及到个人粮食的紧密包装，主要由消除空隙空间和驱除水质所造成；这通常是由上覆的沉淀物的重力所引起的。) |
| soil stabilisation Chemical or mechanical treatment designed to increase or maintain the stability of a soil mass or otherwise to improve its engineering properties, as by increasing its shear strength, reducing its compressibility, or decreasing its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen | 土壤稳定 (化学和机械的治疗计划来增加或维持大量土壤的稳定，除此之外改善它的工程特性，通过增加切变强度，降低压缩率，或降低吸收水的趋势。稳定方法包括物理压缩和水泥，石灰处理，沥青等。) |
| soil stability Soil stability depends on its shear strength, its compressibility and its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen | 土壤稳定 (土壤稳定取决与它的剪切强度、压缩性以及其吸收水的趋势。稳定方法包括物理压实和水泥、石灰处理、沥青等。) |
| soil structure The combination or aggregation of primary soil particles into aggregates or clusters, which are separated from adjoining peds by surfaces of weakness. Soil structure is classified on the basis of size, shape, and distinctness into classes, types, and grades | 土壤结构 (原始土壤颗粒的聚集总数，由于表面薄弱，它们被从邻近的土壤自然结构体中分离。土壤结构基于大小，形状以及不同而被分成类别，类型和等级。) |
| soil subsidence A sinking down of a part of the earth's crust, generally due to underground excavations | 土壤沉陷 (地球的地壳部分下沉，一般归因于底下挖掘。) |
| soil surface sealing Any activity or process in which ground surface areas are packed or plugged to prevent percolation or the passage of fluids | 土壤表面密封 (地表区域的拥挤或拥塞以防止液体的过滤或流动的活动或过程。) |
| soil texture 1. Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil. 2. Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil | 土壤质地 (1. 指大量土壤中的个体土壤的各大小团体(沙，淤泥和粘土)的相对比例。 2. 土壤以土壤颗粒的大小和比例按等级分为三类，如土壤中现有的沙、淤泥和粘土等。) |
| soil type A phase or subdivision of a soil series based primarily on texture of the surface soil to a depth at least equal to plow depth (about 15 cm) | 土壤类型 (，连续的主要基于土壤表面的质地的一阶段或一部分土壤，深度至少相当于犁深度(约15厘米)。) |
| soil use Functional utilization of soil for agriculture, industry, or residential building purposes | 土壤使用 (土壤在农业、工业、住宅或建筑用地方面的功能用途。) |
| soil use regime Type of management and utilization of the soil | 土地使用制度 (土壤的管理和利用形式。) |
| soil water Water stored in soils | 土壤水分 (储藏在土壤中的水分。) |
| town night soil dump | 未经认可的堆存处 |
| town night soil dump | 城镇粪便堆存处 |
| working the soil Ploughing the soil for agricultural purposes | 耕种土壤 (用于农业用途的耕种土壤。) |
