| English | Chinese |
| cash crop Crops that are grown for sale in the town markets or for export. They include coffee, cocoa, sugar, vegetables, peanuts and non-foods, like tobacco and cotton. Huge areas of countries in the developing world have been turned over to cash crops. Those countries with no mineral or oil resources depend on cash crops for foreign money, so that they can import materials do develop roads, for construction, or to buy Western consumer goods and, indeed, food. However, critics argue that cash crops are planted on land that would otherwise be used to grow food for the local community and say this is a cause of world famine. Cash crops, such as peanuts, can ruin the land if it is not left fallow after six years of harvests. Moreover, if the best agricultural land is used for cash crops, local farmers are forced to use marginal land to grow food for local consumption, and this has a further dramatic effect on the environment | 经济作物 (供市场出售或出口而种植的农作物。包括咖啡、可可、糖、蔬菜、花生和非食用作物，如烟草、棉花。发展中世界的很多国家已经转向了种植经济作物。那些没有矿产、石油资源的国家依靠经济作物来获取外币，以使它们能够在建筑方面通过进口材料来建设道路，或者购买西方消费产品以及食物。然而，有评论说，经济作物种植在了那些可以供当地居民种植食物的土地上，这是导致世界饥荒的一个原因。经济作物，例如花生如果在收获之后不休耕六年就会毁坏土地。再者，如果最好的农耕土地用来种植经济作物，当地农民不得不用边际土地来种植食物以供当地消费，这将进一步影响环境。) |
| crop ecology | 作物生态学 |
| crop production The act or process of yielding produce from farmland, for livestock or human consumption | 农作物生产 (为家畜或人类需求而从事生产农产品的行为或过程。) |
| crop protection The problem of crop protection has changed dramatically since 1945. There is now a whole arsenal of chemicals with which to combat agricultural pests and diseases, but this development has itself many drawbacks. Such sophisticated techniques are available only to a minority of farmers; in most parts of the world the standard of crop protection remains abysmally low. In addition, modern crop protection methods have been criticized for relying too heavily on chemical control. Biological controls, both natural and contrived, have been neglected. In some cases involving misuse of agricultural chemicals, crops must be protected from the very measures intended for their protection. Meanwhile previously localized pests and diseases continue to spread worldwide | 农作物保护 (自从1945年以来，农作物保护问题发生了巨大的变化。现在我们有许多化学试剂用以对付农作物害虫和疾病，但这种发展本身也存在着许多不足。例如，成熟的技术仅能被少数农民所利用；在世界范围内，农作物保护的标准仍然很低。此外，现代的农作物保护措施也因为过多依赖化学手段控制而受到指责。生物手段控制，无论是自然的还是人工的都被人们所忽略。在误用农用化学试剂的情况下，需要采用适当的方法来包括农作物。与此同时，先前存在的重害病仍在世界范围内传播。) |
| crop rotation | 农作物轮作种 |
| crop rotation An agricultural technique in which, season after season, each field is sown with crop plants in a regular rotation, each crop being repeated at intervals of several years. Crop rotation minimizes the risks of depleting the soil of particular nutrients. In rotation systems, a grain crop is often grown the first year, followed by a leafy-vegetable crop in the second year, and a pasture crop in the third. The last usually contains legumes; such plants can restore nitrogen to the soil. Notwithstanding, high yields tend to depend upon the continued addition of chemical fertilizers to the soil | 轮作 (一种农业技术。在各季节间，每块土地都会被有规律的播种和种植农作物，每种农作物都会在间隔几年后被重复种植。轮作可以将土壤特殊养分被耗尽的危险性降到最低。在轮作系统中，榖类作物一般在第一年种植，接着的第二年是多叶蔬菜作物，第三年是放牧作物，最后是豆类作物，因为这类作物可以恢复土壤中的氮肥。 尽管如此，高产量向土壤中连续投加额外的化学肥料。) |
| crop treatment Use of chemicals in order to avoid damage of crops by insects or weeds | 农作物防治 (用化学物质防止农作物被害虫和杂草所伤害。) |
| crop waste Any unusable portion of plant matter left in a field after harvest | 农作废弃物 (收割后弃于田地间、没有任何使用价值的农作物部分。) |
| drought-resistant crop | 耐旱作物 |
| drought-tolerant crop | 耐旱作物 |
| drought-tolerant crop | 抗旱作物 |
| forage crop Cultivation of crops for consumption by livestock | 饲料作物 (供牲畜消费而栽培的农作物。) |
| industrial crop | 经济〔工业原料〕作物 |
| industrial crop Any crop that provides materials for industrial processes and products such as soybeans, cotton (lint and seed), flax, and tobacco | 工业原料作物 (任何一种可供工业生产和加工原料的作物，如大豆、棉花(棉絮及种子)、亚麻和烟草等。) |
| infestation of crops Invasion of crop by parasites. Among vertebrate animals, many crop pests are mammals, especially in the order of rodents and birds. Among invertebrates, certain species of gastropods and a large number of roundworms from the class of nematodes harm crops. The most varied and numerous species of crop pests are arthropods-insects, arachnids and some species of millipedes and crustaceans. Diseases vary from viral, bacterial, and nutritional to fungal, environmental and non-specific. The FAO has estimated that annual worldwide losses done by plant pests and diseases amount to approximately 20-25% of the potential worldwide yield of food crops | 农作物虫害 (农作物遭受寄生虫的侵害。在脊椎动物中，许多的作物害虫为哺乳动物，尤其是啮齿目动物和鸟类。在无脊椎动物中，某些种类的腹足动物和数量颇大属线虫纲的迴虫也会对作物造成危害。种类最多和数目最大的作物害虫为节肢昆虫、蛛形纲动物和某些种类的节肢动物和甲壳纲动物。病害随著病毒、细菌、真菌、覃菌类营养和环境而异。FAO (联合国粮农组织) 估计每年全世界植物病虫害的损失约占全世界食用作物产量的20~25%。) |
| root crop Plants which store edible material in a root, corm or tuber; root crops used as food vegetables or fodder include carrots, parsnips, swedes and turnips; starchy root crops include potatoes, cassavas and yams | 块根农作物 (根、球茎或块茎且能食用的植物；块根农作物作为食物、蔬菜或草料包括胡萝卜、欧洲防风草、甘蓝和萝卜；淀粉块根作物包括马铃薯、木薯和红薯。) |
